Reporting Research

Specific paired punctuation refers to a type of punctuation that occurs in pairs and is used to enclose or separate text within a sentence. These paired punctuations such as…

Some journals or style guides require papers to have a running head. But, what is a running head? A running head is a short version of the paper title that is printed as a heading…

An ellipsis is a series of three periods (also called “ellipsis points” or “ellipsis dots”) that are used to replace missing or purposely omitted text. In most cases, an ellipsis…

Manuscripts express data collected from months or years of careful experimentation. However, raw data or narratives alone don’t make good journal articles. Data visualization tools…

We have been looking at various ways in which statistics is essential in all clinical trial phases. We have examined hypothesis testing, error types, p-values, power, sample size…

Have you ever picked up a research article, only to put it down again before you have finished reading the first page? The research is interesting, but the manuscript is not well…

Clinical trials very often involve performing multiple comparisons on the clinical data. This leads to multiplicity problem. The multiplicity problem occurs because the more…

Biostatistics plays a critical role in helping clinical researchers determine the value of their findings. It is important in calculating the sample size, determining the power of…

Earlier in this article series, we looked at the importance of the hypothesis in clinical trials and clinical research. Now we will look at the types of statistical errors that can…

When you think of popular English idioms—hit the nail on the head, kick the bucket, the last straw, see eye to eye, and so on—and examine the possible usage, you will find that…

Changes in social perceptions can lead to changes in language and grammar, and perhaps nowhere has this been seen as clearly as with the usage of pronouns. While at one time he…

Style guides provide guidelines for citations and references depending on the discipline. The American Psychological Association (APA) is one organization that provides the format…