{"id":39327,"date":"2022-07-14T14:23:06","date_gmt":"2022-07-14T08:23:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/?p=39327"},"modified":"2022-07-18T13:57:19","modified_gmt":"2022-07-18T07:57:19","slug":"observer-bias-in-research","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/observer-bias-in-research\/","title":{"rendered":"Observer Bias in Research"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>R1 \u2013 \u201cI am telling you, the result will be this.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>R2 \u2013 \u201cHow can you be so sure?\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>R1 \u2013 \u201cSee, from the observation, I feel results will be in favor of my assumption.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>R2 \u2013 \u201cSo, all this is based on your feeling?\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>R1 \u2013 \u201cOh yes, I am so sure that I can predict the result!\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>R2 \u2013 \u201cYou are biased! <\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>The whole point of an observational study is to keep it unbiased, what if you unintentionally tweak the experiment to get the desirable result?\u201d\u00a0 <\/em><\/p>\n<p>This discussion between two researchers talks about how <strong>observer bias<\/strong> could alter the results and inferences in a research. Often, researchers are unaware or get swayed by their expectations and assumption in research. Although it appears as a trivial issue, <strong>observer bias<\/strong> could impact research study and deviate the results to a great extent from the original expectations.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_74 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/observer-bias-in-research\/#What_Is_Observer_Bias\" >What Is Observer Bias?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/observer-bias-in-research\/#What_Is_Observation_Research\" >What Is Observation Research?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/observer-bias-in-research\/#Impact_of_Observer_Bias_on_Research\" >Impact of Observer Bias on Research<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/observer-bias-in-research\/#Types_of_Observer_Bias\" >Types of Observer Bias<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/observer-bias-in-research\/#Ways_to_Minimize_Observer_Bias\" >Ways to Minimize Observer Bias<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/observer-bias-in-research\/#Observer_Bias_Examples\" >Observer Bias Examples<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/observer-bias-in-research\/#Conclusion\" >Conclusion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_Is_Observer_Bias\"><\/span>What Is Observer Bias?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><strong>Observer bias<\/strong> is defined as a researcher\u2019s expectation about their research study. To be more precise, it is a type of bias that occurs when the person has personal judgement or perspective that affects their ability to reach or discuss an impartial conclusion.<\/p>\n<p>Research bias is a problem in research studies wherein the information collected is affected by the fact that the researcher has expectations about what is going to happen. For example, if a researcher is trying to find out a particular result, and have an incentive to produce data that confirms predication.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_Is_Observation_Research\"><\/span>What Is Observation Research?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>In observational research, one often records behavior or take measurements from the experiment without trying to influence the outcome of the experiment. Furthermore, many research fields use observational studies, such as medicine, psychology, behavioral science, and ethnography.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Impact_of_Observer_Bias_on_Research\"><\/span>Impact of Observer Bias on Research<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>This type of bias can result in misleading information. Moreover, it can affect the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/research-data-collection-while-social-distancing\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">data collection<\/a> and the acquired results can fail to accurately represent what exists in reality because the results were interpreted under researcher\u2019s bias and prejudice.<\/p>\n<p>In fact, this type of bias not only leads to inaccurate data sets, but also can be damaging to scientific research and policy decisions. Additionally, the presence of bias in your study can cause negative outcomes for people involved in the research study. Furthermore, it can lead to misinterpretation of their behavior and biased treatment from the researchers.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Types_of_Observer_Bias\"><\/span>Types of Observer Bias<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>There are different types of research bias which are closely related to <strong>observer bias<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h3>Observer-expectancy Effect<\/h3>\n<p>This effect occurs when the researcher unconsciously treats same experiment differently with different subjects, leading to unequal results within an experiment. Furthermore, observer-expectancy effect occurs when the research deliberately treats the experiment differently because their assumed hypothesis and want to test it.<\/p>\n<p>Moreover, it could also happen when a researcher influences the subjects\/participants of the experiment into believing their assumed hypothesis.<\/p>\n<h3>Actor-observer Effect<\/h3>\n<p>This phenomenon occurs wherein the researcher attributes the actions to external factor. So, the actor here is the person who is performing the behavior \u2014 a subject in the research or an outcome of an experiment. Furthermore, the observer is the one watching\/observing the subject or the outcome of experiment \u2014 a researcher. Finally, the attribution refers to what the researcher thinks caused the outcome.<\/p>\n<p>This bias explains why we, as researchers, blame situation for the outcome of experiments when we would not blame ourselves for conditioning our thoughts in the desired way.<\/p>\n<h3>Hawthorne Effect<\/h3>\n<p>This is a type of bias that occurs in a research wherein the behavior of the subject changes because they are under observation. During 1920s and 1930s, Western Electric Company\u2019s Hawthorne Works factory in Cicero, Illinois conducted series of experiments.<\/p>\n<h3>Experimenter Bias<\/h3>\n<p>This bias includes all types of biases from researchers that may influence their studies. It includes <strong>observer bias<\/strong>, observer expectancy effects, actor-observer bias, and other biases. Before you begin a research study, you may have already formulated an idea of what the results will be. This is where you are setting yourself up for being biased.<\/p>\n<p>When you have a predetermined idea of the results and conduct a study to test your theory, if you don\u2019t get the exact results that confirm your theory, then you may want to twist the results to make them more in line with your predictions.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ways_to_Minimize_Observer_Bias\"><\/span>Ways to Minimize Observer Bias<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-39332 aligncenter lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/ObserverBias.jpg\" alt=\"observer bias\" width=\"1200\" height=\"627\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/ObserverBias.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/ObserverBias-440x230.jpg 440w, https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/ObserverBias-750x392.jpg 750w, https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/ObserverBias-768x401.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/ObserverBias-150x78.jpg 150w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1200px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1200\/627;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>There are several ways to minimize <strong>observer bias<\/strong> in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/how-conduct-field-research-study-complete-guide\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">research studies<\/a>. The ways in which you could minimize the bias include:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Assigning random subjects to each subject group in a research, instead of choosing your subjects personally.<\/li>\n<li>Blind Studies will help you make sure that your participants and observers are unaware about the aims of research. This can eliminate some research expectations you have from knowing the study purpose.<\/li>\n<li>With multiple observers, you can make sure that the data is consistent and unlikely to be skewed by single observer\u2019s biases.<\/li>\n<li>Train observers to make sure everyone performs experiments (collects and records data) in exactly the same way. It is important to calibrate your methods so that there\u2019s very little or no variation in how different observers report the same observation.<\/li>\n<li>Standardize the procedures or protocols that are structured and easy to understand for all observers. Record these procedures so that one can refer back to them at any point in the research process.<\/li>\n<li>Use double-blind experiments where neither you nor your subjects know which treatments are being used in the research study.<\/li>\n<li>Be diligent while running an experiment on whether all the factors are taken into consideration during the study.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Observer_Bias_Examples\"><\/span>Observer Bias Examples<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3>Example 1<\/h3>\n<p>You\u2019re examining the effects of a new painkiller for headache. You run an experiment with two groups:<\/p>\n<p>Group A receives the actual treatment with the new painkiller<\/p>\n<p>Group B receives no treatment, but instead takes a placebo<\/p>\n<p>The participants don\u2019t know whether they\u2019re part of Group A or B, but you do. Unconsciously, you treat the two groups differently while conducting a survey about their level of headache. You treat Group B as if you expect the participants to still be in pain and frame your questions more negatively than for Group A.<\/p>\n<h3>Example 2<\/h3>\n<p>Let us consider a study that attempts to show that taking a certain vitamin increases concentration levels in participants. If the researchers expect to find that result, they might be more likely to encourage participants who are taking the vitamin to talk about how much better they&#8217;re doing on their tests or point out that they seem more alert and focused.<\/p>\n<p>In this way, their expectations can affect the results of the study allowing them to &#8220;prove&#8221; something that wasn&#8217;t true in the first place.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span>Conclusion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><strong>Observer bias<\/strong> can affect your research study and therefore, you must try and minimize it. Make sure your observations are as consistent as possible and do not alter when subjected to change in observer\/researcher. Also, be careful not to allow your personal feelings about the experiment affect the results.<\/p>\n<p>Have you ever faced this dilemma of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/nursing-and-health-professions\/observer-bias\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" class=\"broken_link\">bias in your research<\/a>? How did you deal with it? Do write to us or comment below and tell us about your experience.<\/p>\n<div style=\"display:flex; gap:10px;justify-content:\" class=\"wps-pgfw-pdf-generate-icon__wrapper-frontend\">\n\t\t<a  href=\"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/39327?action=genpdf&amp;id=39327\" class=\"pgfw-single-pdf-download-button\" ><img data-src=\"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/wp-content\/plugins\/pdf-generator-for-wp\/admin\/src\/images\/PDF_Tray.svg\" title=\"Generate PDF\" style=\"width:auto; height:45px;\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\"><\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>R1 \u2013 \u201cI am telling you, the result will be this.\u201d R2 \u2013 \u201cHow can&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8255,"featured_media":39335,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[747,2],"tags":[1871,1618],"ppma_author":[1909],"class_list":["post-39327","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-content-structure","category-academic-writing","tag-research","tag-tips-for-phd-students-and-postdocs"],"better_featured_image":{"id":39335,"alt_text":"observer bias","caption":"","description":"Observer bias is defined as a researcher\u2019s expectation about their research study. Observer bias example will help you understand the 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Sirisilla","avatar_url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/472bc3237f94a0a0077cc6a3b56e335153828d3235c3be8b91063a60a301bd7f?s=96&d=identicon&r=g","author_category":"","user_url":"","last_name":"Sirisilla","first_name":"Shrutika","job_title":"","description":"Shrutika Sirisilla is a content expert with 2 years of experience in academic research. Previously, she has worked as a content writer and created reader friendly scientific content for a reputed diagnostic company and contributed in the publishing process of its healthcare magazines. She has also worked as a linguistic specialist and is certified with C1 Advanced English Language. As an academic, she pursued research in the field of stem cell. Her research expertise also includes developmental biology, molecular biology, cellular biology, and genetics. Currently, she is dedicated toward creating scientific content for early career professionals in the STEM industry."}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/39327","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8255"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=39327"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/39327\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/39335"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=39327"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=39327"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=39327"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=39327"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}