{"id":38875,"date":"2022-06-09T17:41:15","date_gmt":"2022-06-09T11:41:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/?p=38875"},"modified":"2022-06-10T18:26:40","modified_gmt":"2022-06-10T12:26:40","slug":"evaluate-statistical-hypothesis-testing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/evaluate-statistical-hypothesis-testing\/","title":{"rendered":"6 Steps to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Statistical Hypothesis Testing"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>You know what is tragic? Having the potential to complete the research study but not doing the correct hypothesis testing. Quite often, researchers think the most challenging aspect of research is standardization of experiments, data analysis or writing the thesis! But in all honesty, creating an effective <a href=\"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/how-to-develop-a-good-research-hypothesis\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"37\" title=\"Hypothesis\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">research hypothesis<\/a> is the most crucial step in designing and executing a research study. An effective research hypothesis will provide researchers the correct basic structure for building the research question and objectives.<\/p>\n<p>In this article, we will discuss how to formulate and identify an effective research hypothesis testing to benefit researchers in designing their research work.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_74 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/evaluate-statistical-hypothesis-testing\/#What_Is_Research_Hypothesis_Testing\" >What Is Research Hypothesis Testing?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/evaluate-statistical-hypothesis-testing\/#Types_of_Statistical_Hypothesis_Testing\" >Types of Statistical Hypothesis Testing<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/evaluate-statistical-hypothesis-testing\/#Steps_in_Statistical_Hypothesis_Testing\" >Steps in Statistical Hypothesis Testing<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/evaluate-statistical-hypothesis-testing\/#Conclusion\" >Conclusion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_Is_Research_Hypothesis_Testing\"><\/span>What Is Research Hypothesis Testing?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Hypothesis testing is a systematic procedure derived from the research question and decides if the results of a research study support a certain theory which can be applicable to the population. Moreover, it is a statistical test used to determine whether the hypothesis assumed by the sample data stands true to the entire population.<\/p>\n<p>The purpose of testing the hypothesis is to make an inference about the population of interest on the basis of random sample taken from that population. Furthermore, it is the assumption which is tested to determine the relationship between two data sets.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Types_of_Statistical_Hypothesis_Testing\"><\/span>Types of Statistical Hypothesis Testing<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n<!-- iframe plugin v.5.2 wordpress.org\/plugins\/iframe\/ -->\n<iframe data-src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ZzeXCKd5a18\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class lazyload\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" data-load-mode=\"1\"><\/iframe>\n\n<h6><em>Source: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/c\/365DataScience<\/em><\/h6>\n<h3>1. There are two types of hypothesis in statistics<\/h3>\n<h3>a. Null Hypothesis<\/h3>\n<p>This is the assumption that the event will not occur or there is no relation between the compared variables. A null hypothesis has no relation with the study\u2019s outcome unless it is rejected. Null hypothesis uses H0 as its symbol.<\/p>\n<h3>b. Alternate Hypothesis<\/h3>\n<p>The alternate hypothesis is the logical opposite of the null hypothesis. Furthermore, the acceptance of the alternative hypothesis follows the rejection of the null hypothesis. It uses H1 or Ha as its symbol<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #2d2d2d;font-size: 25px;text-transform: inherit\">Hypothesis Testing Example:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">A sanitizer manufacturer company claims that its product kills 98% of germs on average.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">To put this company\u2019s claim to test, create null and alternate hypothesis<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">H0 (Null Hypothesis): Average = 98%<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">H1\/Ha (Alternate Hypothesis): The average is less than 98%<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h3>2. Depending on the population distribution, you can categorize the statistical hypothesis into two types.<\/h3>\n<h3>a. Simple Hypothesis<\/h3>\n<p>A simple hypothesis specifies an exact value for the parameter.<\/p>\n<h3>b. Composite Hypothesis<\/h3>\n<p>A composite hypothesis specifies a range of values.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left\">Hypothesis Testing Example:<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">A company claims to have achieved 1000 units as their average sales for this quarter. (Simple Hypothesis)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">The company claims to achieve the sales in the range of 900 to 100o units. (Composite Hypothesis).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h3>3. Based on the type of statistical testing, the hypothesis in statistics is of two types.<\/h3>\n<h3>a. One-Tailed<\/h3>\n<p>One-Tailed test or directional test considers a critical region of data which would result in rejection of the null hypothesis if the test sample falls in that data region. Therefore, accepting the alternate hypothesis. Furthermore, the critical distribution area in this test is one-sided which means the test sample is either greater or lesser than a specific value.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-38878 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/31-1.jpg\" alt=\"hypothesis testing\" width=\"1200\" height=\"627\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/31-1.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/31-1-440x230.jpg 440w, https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/31-1-750x392.jpg 750w, https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/31-1-768x401.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1200px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1200\/627;\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>b. Two-Tailed<\/h3>\n<p>Two-Tailed test or nondirectional test is designed to show if the sample mean is significantly greater than and significantly less than the mean population. Here, the critical distribution area is two-sided. If the sample falls within the range, the alternate hypothesis is accepted and the null hypothesis is rejected.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-38879 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/30.jpg\" alt=\"hypothesis testing\" width=\"1200\" height=\"627\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/30.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/30-440x230.jpg 440w, https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/30-750x392.jpg 750w, https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/30-768x401.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1200px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1200\/627;\" \/><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left\">Statistical Hypothesis Testing Example:<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Suppose H0: mean = 100 and H1: mean is not equal to 100<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">According to the H1, the mean can be greater than or less than 100. (Two-Tailed test)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Similarly, if H0: mean &gt;= 100, then H1: mean &lt; 100<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Here the mean is less than 100. (One-Tailed test)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Steps_in_Statistical_Hypothesis_Testing\"><\/span>Steps in Statistical Hypothesis Testing<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3>Step 1: Develop initial research hypothesis<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/how-to-develop-a-good-research-hypothesis\/\">Research hypothesis<\/a> is developed from research question. It is the prediction that you want to investigate. Moreover, an initial research hypothesis is important for restating the null and alternate hypothesis, to test the research question mathematically.<\/p>\n<h3>Step 2: State the null and alternate hypothesis based on your research hypothesis<\/h3>\n<p>Usually, the alternate hypothesis is your initial hypothesis that predicts relationship between variables. However, the null hypothesis is a prediction of no relationship between the variables you are interested in.<\/p>\n<h3>Step 3: Perform sampling and collection of data for statistical testing<\/h3>\n<p>It is important to perform sampling and collect data in way that assists the formulated research hypothesis. You will have to perform a statistical testing to validate your data and make statistical inferences about the population of your interest.<\/p>\n<h3>Step 4: Perform statistical testing based on the type of data you collected<\/h3>\n<p>There are various statistical tests available. Based on the comparison of within group variance and between group variance, you can carry out the statistical tests for the research study. If the between group variance is large enough and there is little or no overlap between groups, then the statistical test will show low p-value. (Difference between the groups is not a chance event).<\/p>\n<p>Alternatively, if the within group variance is high compared to between group variance, then the statistical test shows a high p-value. (Difference between the groups is a chance event).<\/p>\n<h3>Step 5: Based on the statistical outcome, reject or fail to reject your null hypothesis<\/h3>\n<p>In most cases, you will use p-value generated from your statistical test to guide your decision. You will consider a predetermined level of significance of 0.05 for rejecting your <a href=\"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/what-is-null-hypothesis-what-is-its-importance-in-research\/\">null hypothesis<\/a>, i.e. there is less than 5% chance of getting the results wherein the null hypothesis is true.<\/p>\n<h3>Step 6: Present your final results of hypothesis testing<\/h3>\n<p>You will present the results of your hypothesis in the results and discussion section of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/submission-preparation.htm\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"18\" title=\"Research paper\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">research paper<\/a>. In results section, you provide a brief summary of the data and a summary of the results of your statistical test. Meanwhile, in discussion, you can mention whether your results support your initial hypothesis.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span>Conclusion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Note that we never reject or fail to reject the alternate hypothesis. This is because the testing of hypothesis is not designed to prove or disprove anything. However, it is designed to test if a result is spuriously occurred, or by chance. Thus, statistical hypothesis testing becomes a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5037948\/\">crucial statistical tool<\/a> to mathematically define the outcome of a research question.<\/p>\n<p>Have you ever used hypothesis testing as a means of statistically analyzing your research data? How was your experience? Do write to us or comment below.<\/p>\n<div style=\"display:flex; gap:10px;justify-content:\" class=\"wps-pgfw-pdf-generate-icon__wrapper-frontend\">\n\t\t<a  href=\"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/38875?action=genpdf&amp;id=38875\" class=\"pgfw-single-pdf-download-button\" ><img data-src=\"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/wp-content\/plugins\/pdf-generator-for-wp\/admin\/src\/images\/PDF_Tray.svg\" title=\"Generate PDF\" style=\"width:auto; height:45px;\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\"><\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"@context\": \"http:\/\/schema.org\",\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"@type\": \"CreativeWorkSeries\",\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"aggregateRating\": {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"@type\": \"AggregateRating\",\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"bestRating\": \"5\",\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"ratingCount\": \"4\",\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"ratingValue\": \"4.5\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t},\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"image\": \"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/hypothesis-testing_Global.jpg\",\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"name\": \"6 Steps to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Statistical Hypothesis Testing\",\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"description\": \"6 Steps to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Statistical Hypothesis Testing\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>You know what is tragic? Having the potential to complete the research study but not&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8255,"featured_media":38877,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[753,751],"tags":[1265,1873],"ppma_author":[1909],"class_list":["post-38875","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-manuscript-preparation","category-publication-stages","tag-research-data-management","tag-research-statistics"],"better_featured_image":{"id":38877,"alt_text":"hypothesis testing","caption":"","description":"Hypothesis testing is a systematic procedure derived from the research question and decides if the results of a research study support a certain theory which can be applicable to the 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Review":{"file":"hypothesis-testing_Global-320x340.jpg","width":320,"height":340,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","source_url":"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/hypothesis-testing_Global-320x340.jpg"},"rpwe-thumbnail":{"file":"hypothesis-testing_Global-45x45.jpg","width":45,"height":45,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","source_url":"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/hypothesis-testing_Global-45x45.jpg"}},"image_meta":{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0","keywords":[]}},"post":38875,"source_url":"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/hypothesis-testing_Global.jpg"},"acf":{"faq_main_heading":"","faq_heading_one":"","faq_heading_two":"","faq_heading_three":"","faq_heading_four":"","faq_heading_five":"","faq_heading_six":"","faq_description_one":"","faq_description_two":"","faq_description_three":"","faq_description_four":"","faq_description_five":"","faq_description_six":""},"views":8601,"single_webinar_page_date":null,"single_webinar_page_time":null,"session_agenda":null,"who_should_attend_this_session":null,"about_the_speaker_field":null,"co-webinar-sec":null,"co_webinar_sec_one":null,"speaker-name":null,"webinar-date":null,"webinar-time":null,"webinar-s-image":null,"custum_webinar_category":null,"authors":[{"term_id":1909,"user_id":8255,"is_guest":0,"slug":"shrutika","display_name":"Shrutika Sirisilla","avatar_url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/472bc3237f94a0a0077cc6a3b56e335153828d3235c3be8b91063a60a301bd7f?s=96&d=identicon&r=g","author_category":"","user_url":"","last_name":"Sirisilla","first_name":"Shrutika","job_title":"","description":"Shrutika Sirisilla is a content expert with 2 years of experience in academic research. Previously, she has worked as a content writer and created reader friendly scientific content for a reputed diagnostic company and contributed in the publishing process of its healthcare magazines. She has also worked as a linguistic specialist and is certified with C1 Advanced English Language. As an academic, she pursued research in the field of stem cell. Her research expertise also includes developmental biology, molecular biology, cellular biology, and genetics. Currently, she is dedicated toward creating scientific content for early career professionals in the STEM industry."}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/38875","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8255"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=38875"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/38875\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/38877"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=38875"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=38875"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=38875"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=38875"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}