{"id":3686,"date":"2016-09-21T09:00:02","date_gmt":"2016-09-21T03:30:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/?p=3686"},"modified":"2019-07-20T11:18:17","modified_gmt":"2019-07-20T05:18:17","slug":"writing-in-chemistry-part-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/writing-in-chemistry-part-2\/","title":{"rendered":"How to Write an Effective Chemistry Research Paper (Part 2)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>In this article, we describe the scientific conventions and writing styles followed in Chemistry papers.<\/p>\n<h2>Beginning a Sentence<\/h2>\n<p>Avoid starting a sentence with a symbol or numerical value.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #008000\">Example<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u2716 0.5 g of NaOH was added to 5 ml of DW, and the solution was heated.<\/p>\n<p>\u2714\ufe0e After addition of 0.5 g of NaOH to 5 ml of DW, the solution was heated.<\/p>\n<h2>Pedagogical Phrases<\/h2>\n<p>Avoid including phrases which address the process of learning and not the science of the experiment.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #008000\">Example<\/span><\/p>\n<p>This experiment helped us learn about\u2026<\/p>\n<p>or<\/p>\n<p>The goal of this experiment was to learn about\u2026<\/p>\n<p>Although such sentences are preferred in Original Articles, scientific reports\/communication should ideally focus only on the data and results.<\/p>\n<h2>Illogical Constructions<\/h2>\n<p>Check that a modifier phrase or the pronoun \u201cit\u201d actually refers to the intended subject.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Tip 1!<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>To avoid dangling modifiers and unclear antecedents, think about the subject.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #008000\">Example<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u2716 Being coated with grease, I cleaned the flask before adding reagents.<\/p>\n<p><em>Was I coated with grease or the flask? <\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>The flask was coated with grease, and so,<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u2714\ufe0e Because the flask was coated with grease, it was cleaned before adding reagents.<\/p>\n<div id=\"om-dqx4acd1ednpm2dtmovz-holder\"><\/div>\n<p><script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"https:\/\/a.opmnstr.com\/app\/js\/api.min.js\" data-campaign=\"dqx4acd1ednpm2dtmovz\" data-user=\"41855\" async><\/script><\/p>\n<h2>Personal Pronouns<\/h2>\n<p>Because scientific experiments demonstrate facts that do not depend on the observer, reports should avoid using the first and second person (I\/we\/our\/us).<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #008000\">Example<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u2716 I filtered the solution and noticed production of a yellow powder.<\/p>\n<p>\u2714\ufe0e Filtration of the solution, yielded a yellow powder.<\/p>\n<p>However, when referring to your own results or conclusions, it is better to use the first or second person.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #008000\">Example<\/span><\/p>\n<p>While AB et al. report X value, the authors&#8217; data indicates Y value.<\/p>\n<p>or<\/p>\n<p>AB et al. report X value, but our data yield Y value.<\/p>\n<h2>Active Voice<\/h2>\n<p><em>When possible, <\/em>replace passive voice with active voice for clarity.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #008000\">Example<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u2716\u00a0Passive: There was some solid that did not dissolve.<\/p>\n<p>\u2714\ufe0e\u00a0Active: Some solid did not dissolve.<\/p>\n<p>Personification<\/p>\n<p>Do not personify compounds and equipments.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #008000\">Example<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u2716\u00a0The spectrum shows two bands of equal intensity.<\/p>\n<p>\u2714\ufe0e Two bands of equal intensity appear in the spectrum.<\/p>\n<h2>Plural Nouns<\/h2>\n<p>Usage of verbs when mentioning amount of chemical reagent and terms like data (singular: datum) and spectra (spectrum) is often confused.<\/p>\n<p>A quantity used is a singular subject, even when that quantity is in a plural form of units.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #008000\">Example<\/span><\/p>\n<p><em>\u2716\u00a0<\/em>While the solution boiled, 5.0 g of KBr were added.<\/p>\n<p>\u2714\ufe0e While the solution boiled, 5.0 g of KBr was added.<\/p>\n<p>Verb Tense and \u201cVerbing\u201d a Noun<\/p>\n<p>Usually the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/importance-of-journal-writing-style\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">journal guidelines<\/a> specify the tense to be followed in each section of the manuscript.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Tip 2! <\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>Use past tense to describe a procedure:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Hydrochloric acid was added to the flask slowly in order to prevent decomposition of the product.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Use present tense to describe a scientific fact:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Hydrochloric acid is a caustic substance that must be used with caution.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u201cVerbing\u201d a noun, i.e., turning a noun into a verb makes the sentence unclear and should be avoided.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #008000\">Example<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u2716\u00a0X complexes to Y<\/p>\n<p>\u2714\ufe0e X forms complexes with Y<\/p>\n<h2>Abbreviations, Formulae, and Numerals<\/h2>\n<p>Define abbreviations for chemical compounds or ligands at the first instance. However, standard organic abbreviations (e.g., Me = methyl, Pr = <em>iso<\/em>-propyl) can be used.\u00a0Use chemical formulae for standard compounds but not when the name is shorter or more precise.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #008000\">Example<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>NaOH (aq) for sodium hydroxide<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Caffeine for C<sub>8<\/sub>H<sub>10<\/sub>N<sub>4<\/sub>O<sub>2<\/sub><\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Long compound names can be numbered if repeated many times.\u00a0The number should be bold or underlined, defined when first presented and appear in parenthesis when used as an adjective.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #008000\">Example<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Investigations into 8-hydroxyquinoline <strong>(1) <\/strong>and 4-iodo-8-hydroxyquinoline <strong>(2) <\/strong>are described. Recrystallization of <strong>1<\/strong> and <strong>2<\/strong>\u2026<\/p>\n<p>Use a leading zero for values less than unity and avoid values with many zero (use scientific notation instead) for decimals.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #008000\">Example<\/span><\/p>\n<p><em>\u2716<\/em> .15 mm, \u00a0\u2714\ufe0e\u00a00.15 mm<\/p>\n<p>\u2716\u00a00.000024 mM,\u00a0\u2714\ufe0e\u00a02.3 \u00d7 10<sup>\u20134\u00a0<\/sup>mM<\/p>\n<h2>Chemical Names<\/h2>\n<p>The names of chemicals are not capitalized, unless they are trade names (e.g., \u201cTylenol\u201d).<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #008000\">Example<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u2716 The reaction of Cobalt (II) was\u2026<\/p>\n<p>\u2714\ufe0e The reaction of cobalt (II) was\u2026<\/p>\n<h2>Terms and Expressions<\/h2>\n<p>Use terms like \u201c<em>synthesizing<\/em>\u201d new compounds and \u201c<em>preparing<\/em>\u201d solutions, avoid terms like \u201cproducts were <em>created<\/em>.\u201d\u00a0With\/Using\/By\/On\u2014avoid using these interchangeably, as they might be incorrect in some cases<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #008000\">Example<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Spectra are measured \u201c<em>with<\/em>\/<em>using<\/em>\u201d and not \u201c<em>on<\/em>\u201d a spectrometer.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Tip 3! <\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>Spectrometers, colorimeters, etc. should be referred to as \u201cinstruments\u201d not \u201cmachines.\u201d\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The intransitive verb \u201c<em>react<\/em>\u201d is the most used term in chemistry papers. It should not have an object and should not have a passive voice.\u00a0Chemical reagents react with each other, they are not reacted.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #008000\">Example<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u2716\u00a0A and B were reacted to produce C and D.<\/p>\n<p>\u2714\ufe0e The reaction of A and B, potassium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid, produced C and D.<\/p>\n<p>A hypothesis can be \u201c<em>tested<\/em>\u201d; however, for most laboratory work, the terms &#8220;measured,&#8221; &#8220;investigated,&#8221;\u00a0&#8220;determined,&#8221; &#8220;calculated,&#8221; and &#8220;obtained&#8221; are better.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #008000\">Example<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u2716\u00a0The absorbance of the solution was tested using\u2026<\/p>\n<p>\u2714\ufe0e The absorbance of the solution was measured using\u2026<\/p>\n<p><strong>Reference: www.chemistry.kenyon.edu\/getzler\/08F-CourseFiles\/BriefGuideWritingChemistry<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div style=\"display:flex; gap:10px;justify-content:\" class=\"wps-pgfw-pdf-generate-icon__wrapper-frontend\">\n\t\t<a  href=\"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3686?action=genpdf&amp;id=3686\" class=\"pgfw-single-pdf-download-button\" ><img data-src=\"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/wp-content\/plugins\/pdf-generator-for-wp\/admin\/src\/images\/PDF_Tray.svg\" title=\"Generate PDF\" style=\"width:auto; height:45px;\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\"><\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In this article, we describe the scientific conventions and writing styles followed in Chemistry papers.&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[747,2],"tags":[1452],"ppma_author":[1894],"class_list":["post-3686","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-content-structure","category-academic-writing","tag-manuscript-drafting-tips"],"better_featured_image":null,"acf":{"faq_main_heading":"","faq_heading_one":"","faq_heading_two":"","faq_heading_three":"","faq_heading_four":"","faq_heading_five":"","faq_heading_six":"","faq_description_one":"","faq_description_two":"","faq_description_three":"","faq_description_four":"","faq_description_five":"","faq_description_six":""},"views":928,"single_webinar_page_date":null,"single_webinar_page_time":null,"session_agenda":null,"who_should_attend_this_session":null,"about_the_speaker_field":null,"co-webinar-sec":null,"co_webinar_sec_one":null,"speaker-name":null,"webinar-date":null,"webinar-time":null,"webinar-s-image":null,"custum_webinar_category":null,"authors":[{"term_id":1894,"user_id":6,"is_guest":0,"slug":"daveishan","display_name":"Enago Academy","avatar_url":{"url":"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/cropped-favicon-192x192-1.png","url2x":"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/cropped-favicon-192x192-1.png"},"author_category":"","user_url":"","last_name":"","first_name":"","job_title":"","description":"Enago Academy, the knowledge arm of Enago, offers comprehensive and up-to-date resources on academic research and scholarly publishing to all levels of scholarly professionals: students, researchers, editors, publishers, and academic societies. It is also a popular platform for networking, allowing researchers to learn, share, and discuss their experiences within their network and community. The team, which comprises subject matter experts, academicians, trainers, and technical project managers, are passionate about helping researchers at all levels establish a successful career, both within and outside academia."}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3686","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3686"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3686\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3686"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3686"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3686"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=3686"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}